We used breast tissues and compared CENP-A patterns in samples corresponding to benign non-neoplastic breast lesions (dystrophic and simple hyperplastic: fibrokystic disease, sclerosing adenosis and typical hyperplasia) and neoplastic lesions of increasing malignancy ranging from atypical hyperplasia (AH) to ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) (Figure 3). This evidence concerns the gene CENPA and invasive ductal breast carcinoma.