CSF2 and anemia (phenotype): Since blood pathogens are associated primarily with anaemia (haemolytic) or have more effect on the erythrocytic parameters, we suggest that the increase in serum GM-CSF levels (pro-inflammatory response) and proinflammatory immune response of GM-CSF characterized by high GM-CSF:IL10 ratio in the aforementioned cattle groups was in response to the degenerative left shift (higher immature neutrophils to mature neutrophils) reported in our previous study [4].