Previous work on both rodents and humans consistently suggests that one pharmacological effect of bile acid sequestrant is to augment intestinal activation of the bile acid receptor, TGR5, and thus lead to the release of the downstream hormone GLP-1.12,23,26–28 As expected, treatment of cholestyramine induced the release of GLP-1 in our PBC cohort. Here, GPBAR1 is linked to primary biliary cholangitis.