TNF and Obesity: An early study in 2007 by Creely et al., which investigated the effects of LPS on obesity and T2DM, found that proinflammatory adipokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly (p < 0.001) increased in cultured human subcutaneous adipose cells treated with LPS, and they underlined that LPS works via activating an innate immune response in adipose tissue [186].