The persistent ductus arteriosus has been associated with chromosomal abnormalities in 10% of the cases and TGFBeta signaling abnormalities, as in Marfan or Loeys Dietz, to TFAP2B in Char syndrome and to TFAP2B, TNF-RAF1, prostacyclin synthase in premature and term infants [31,34]. This evidence concerns the gene TFAP2B and Patent ductus arteriosus.