A study by Bajpai and colleagues showed that CHD7, the only mutated gene known to cause CHARGE syndrome, is essential for NC migration and the promotion of key transcriptional regulatory genes such as Sox9, Twist1, and Slug, both in vivo (Xenopus) and in vitro (human embryonic stem cells), while a deficiency of CHD7 caused cardiac OFT defects in Xenopus embryos, resulting in vascular septation defects such as PTA (Figure 1) [67]. Here, CHD7 is linked to CHARGE syndrome.