Some studies have demonstrated that TGF-β, VEGF, or hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic otitis media in animal models (Tateossian et al., 2009, 2013; Cheeseman et al., 2011; Husseman et al., 2012). This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and chronic otitis media.