We used multispectral imaging to assess cytokeratin (CK), CD68, CD11c, and PD-L1 expression on each cell and phenotyped cells both as PD-L1+ or PD-L1− cells, and as CK+ tumor cells, CD68+ macrophages, CD11c+ dendritic cells, or CK−CD68−CD11c− other stromal cells, (Fig. 2d, Supplementary Fig. 3c–f). Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.