TNF and neoplasm: when we stimulated tumor-infiltrating T cells ex vivo with ionomycin and PMA, there were no changes in TNFα+IFNγ+ cells relative to the isotype control (Supplementary Fig. 8a), although CD8 T cells from bintrafusp alfa-treated tumors had elevated granzyme B levels relative to isotype (P = 0.0064) and anti-PD-L1- (P = 0.0120) treated tumors (Supplementary Fig. 8b).