CYCS and Hypertension: 5) Exercise training attenuated early aged hypertension hypertension-induced neural mitochondria-mediated caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway, as indicated by the decreases in expression levels of Bax, Bak/Bcl-xL, tBid, Apaf-1, Cytochrome c, active Caspase-9, and active Caspase-3 in the cerebral cortex; 7) Exercise training enhanced Bcl-2 family-related pro-survival protein levels (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, pBad, 14-3-3) and IGF-1- related pro-survival protein levels (IGF-1, pPI3K/PI3K, pAKT/AKT) in the early aged hypertensive cerebral cortex.