The main new findings were outlined as follows: 1) Early aged hypertension-activated neural EndoG/AIF-related caspase-independent, Fas/FasL-mediated caspase-dependent, and mitochondria-mediated caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways as well as suppressed Bcl-2 family-related and IGF-1-related pro-survival pathways in the cerebral cortex. Here, IGF1 is linked to Hypertension.