In assessing management practices, two studies reported insulin and metformin as the medications of choice for managing GDM and emphasised dietary and lifestyle modification as an alternative to achieving glucose control.26,39 Beyond medical intervention, healthcare providers in South Africa mentioned comprehensive non-pharmacological interventions such as peer group teaching and group or individual counselling with a dietician or healthcare professional as effective GDM management practices.26 This evidence concerns the gene INS and gestational diabetes.