TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: It hasbeen shown that the rate of lymphoma is increased in patients withsevere and active RA, the very group of patients that are more likelyto receive these agents.[15] TNF-α is also known to modulate tumourdevelopment and spread; however, cancers arising during therapy withTNF-α inhibitors were not shown to differ by stage at presentation orpost-cancer survival rates.