IL4 and infection: The coinfection phenotype was dependent on the expression of the receptor IL-4α on intestinal epithelial cells, suggesting that the type 2 response induced by helminths was mediated through the intestinal epithelium.65 In comparison, IL-4 c treatment did not alter CD8+ T cell responses or gut pathology after infection with the Armstrong strain of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), likely because this virus does not infect the GI tract.65