C3 fixation on DBL5, tested for a subset of 35 randomly selected PNG antibody samples, was also significantly higher compared to malaria non-exposed donor samples (n=10) (P<0.001) (Fig. 3C) and strongly correlated with C1q fixation (Spearman r=0.89, P<0.001) (Fig. 3D). Here, C3 is linked to malaria.