CSF1R and Nasu-Hakola disease: While WM abnormalities have been detected in a variety of neurological disorders, several microglial-related diseases (adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia; ALSP, Nasu-Hakola disease), caused by mutations in microglial-associated genes (e.g. Csf1r, Tyrobp, Trem2), have implicated microglial dysfunction/activation in extensive WM loss and altered cognitive function (Sirkis et al., 2021).