On the other hand, IL-32β promotes vascular inflammation, based on the observation of increased leukocyte adhesion on endothelial cells following overexpression of IL-32β in a transgenic mouse model of atherosclerosis (26), perhaps via upregulation of ICAM-1/VCAM-1 expression by IL-32β, as observed on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) following IL-32β stimulation (27). This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and atherosclerosis.