AR and thyroid gland carcinoma: Rajoria et al. (2010) showed that a metastatic thyroid cancer phenotype is regulated by estrogen and functional ER which enhance mitogenic, migratory, and invasive properties of thyroid cancer cells. ER and AR expression changes may be acting as a cause or a result of the onset of PTC (Magri et al., 2012). Additionally, it was previously suggested that underlying inflammatory processes may predispose healthy females toward developing thyroid cancer (Manole et al., 2001; Tafani et al., 2014).