The first evidence that the oncogenic activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was associated with immune evasion of NSCLC cells came from the discovery that treatment with mutant BRAF inhibitors led to increased T-cell infiltration and the downregulation of PD-L1 expression in the melanoma microenvironment (42). Here, BRAF is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.