TNF and epilepsy: Numerous studies have suggested the role of inflammatory mediators such as COX-2 and p-NF-κB activation along with other inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1b), and TNF-α that form the basis of neuronal injury in several neurodegenerative models including epilepsy [11, 84, 85].