TGFB1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Studies have shown that exercise may promote adipose tissue resistance to the chronic inflammation caused by obesity through signal pathways such as insulin and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) [19] and to downregulate inflammatory responses and inflammation-related genes that are activated by obesity (such as TNF-α, IL-6, and their receptors [20]).