SMAD3 and colorectal carcinoma: To verify that TMEM100 modulated malignant growth of CRC cells via the TGF-β signaling pathway, we simultaneously overexpressed Smad2/Smad3 and TMEM100, finding that the inhibitory effect of TMEM100 overexpression on the progression of NCI-H498 cells were all reversed by overexpressing Smad2/Smad3 (Figures 4(c)–4(f)).