PDCD1 and renal cell carcinoma: Of these studies, one by de Giorgi et al. evaluated outcomes following only anti-PD-1 (nivolumab) in a cohort of 313 RCC patients who had progressed on VEGF- targeting therapy (45), whereas the other, by Cortellini et al., evaluated outcomes following anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 (pembrolizumab, nivolumab, atezolizumab) in a mixed cohort of 976 cancer patients, of whom 135 had RCC (39).