Khojandi et al. found no significant associations (positive or negative) between either BMI or plasma leptin concentrations and PD-1 expression on peripheral blood CD8+ T cells in a cohort of 27 melanoma patients, 11 breast cancer patients, and 30 non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients who ranged from having a normal body weight to having obesity (30). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and breast cancer.