Prior evidence shows that anti-CTLA-4 primarily improves T cell activation in tumor-draining lymph nodes by releasing inhibition mediated by CTLA-4-expressing antigen-presenting cells, but it can also enhance T cell effector function through effects on both exhausted CTLA-4-expressing TILs and CTLA-4+ regulatory T cells in the tumor (70, 71). This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and neoplasm.