TNF and acute kidney injury: SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with overproduction of cytokines, such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-2, and IL-6, and subsequently a cytokine storm that induces several extrapulmonary complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute kidney injury, impaired ion transport, acute liver injury, and gastrointestinal manifestations such as diarrhea and vomiting (Gupta et al., 2020; Lee and Choi, 2021).