Key elements of three immune response phases were also identified: an acute phase as early as post-stroke day 2 with increased signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in innate immune cells, an intermediate phase starting from day 5 with cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and a late phase at around 3 months after stroke with neutrophils and IgM-positive B cells (Tsai et al., 2019). Here, CD40LG is linked to Stroke.