A number of drugs (such as first-line cytotoxic drugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, metformin, and anti-tumor drugs) have been shown to reduce the expression levels of Sp1 or interfere with the binding of Sp1 to DNA to inhibit the transcription of target genes 35, 36. The gene discussed is SP1; the disease is neoplasm.