AIF1 and brain infarction: In the present study, the Western blotting, IHC, and TTC staining results revealed that SP and D+YZR-0.8 g treatments effectively reversed the increased p-ASK1/ASK1 and p-JNK/JNK ratios, and the increased expression of TLR4, Iba1, GFAP, T3JAM, TRAF3, NF-κB, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the penumbral cortex and subsequently reduced the percentage of cerebral infarct areas and NDSs at 1 day after reperfusion.