Studies have reported that TLR4 expressed on microglia and astrocytes plays a crucial role in the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the initial stage of cerebral I/R injury, whereas pharmacological interventions alleviate cerebral infarction by inhibiting TLR4-mediated microglial and astrocytic activation in the ischemic area in the acute phase of transient MCAo [40]. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is cerebral infarction.