TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: As discussed by previous studies, there are many pathways that play critical roles in the pathogenesis of SLE, such as IL-17 signalling [44], the Jak-STAT pathway [44], type I interferon signalling [27], apoptosis [45], the NF-kappa B pathway [46], the TNF signalling pathway [47], and the Toll-like receptor signalling pathway [48].