TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: We also observed a baseline increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the WNIN/GR-Ob (Ob-T2D) rats, when compared to the control rats (Figs. 3 and 4); such as IL-6 (4.37-fold), IL-1β (4.125-fold), and TNF-α (2.55-fold) and a decreased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 (ninefold), TGF-β (twofold), and IL-4 (eightfold).