Intriguingly, while some NCSC factors, such as SOX10 and YY1, are activated upon melanoma formation and are required for melanoma growth16,19,29,69, other NCSC-associated factors, such as CD271/NGFR/p75NTR, PAX3, and FOXD3 promote melanoma cell invasiveness and metastasis formation22,70. This evidence concerns the gene FOXD3 and melanoma.