This is evidenced by the observation that critical enzymes of the androgen synthesis pathway, including cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1 (CYP11A1) that converts cholesterol to pregnenolone, are overexpressed in androgen-independent PCa and that metabolic intermediates of androgen synthesis can be detected in these tissues4–7. Here, CYP11A1 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.