Among the overlapped dramatically altered genes of F1-GDM and F2-GDM offspring, the most biologically significant genes were further validated by RT-qPCR analysis, including the genes regulating hippocampal synaptic plasticity and learning (Camk2b and Drd1), regulating the density and activity of glutamate receptors (Dlgap1 and Tanc1), neurogenic Wnt signaling pathways (Wnt5a and Atp6ap2), and some other genes associated with the hippocampal function (Akap7, Tubb2b, Map1b, and Gpr88) (Fig. 5b). The gene discussed is DLGAP1; the disease is gestational diabetes.