We used a panel of four lead malaria vaccine candidate antigens (CSP, AMA1, TRAP and CelTOS) to examine these responses and found that IFN-γ and IL2 responses to TRAP and CelTOS in Cohort 1 and to CSP, TRAP and CelTOS in Cohort 2 occurred in many of the protected volunteers, but not in non-protected subjects. Here, IFNG is linked to malaria.