Further, treatment of mice with the inflammagen lipopolysaccharide persistently induces proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFα], interleukin‐1 beta [IL‐1β]) and chemokines (e.g., chemokine [C‐C motif] ligand 2 [CCL2]), which are accompanied by a delayed, progressive degeneration of substantia nigral dopaminergic neurons, similar to human PD (Qin et al., 2008; Qin et al., 2007). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is Parkinson disease.