TNF and malaria: In a study involving children in Uganda that is endemic for P. falciparum infection, Boyle and coworkers showed that although all children exhibited similar percentage of CD4+ cells as adults and uninfected children, somewhat lower levels of P. falciparum specific CD4+ T cells producing IFNγ, IL-10, and TNFα cytokines were present in infected children’s blood with asymptomatic malaria (Boyle et al., 2017).