TNF and cancer: Proposed mechanisms induced by acetate include (a) associated histone acetylation of genes coding for proteins involved in cellular growth (66); (b) acetylation of non-histone proteins or transcription factors involved in cancer cell proliferation (21, 67); (c) increased levels of the proliferation marker Ki67 (64); and (d) increased mRNA and protein levels of some proinflammatory cytokines and interleukins associated with cell growth activation such as IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α (65).