Subsequently, 8-OHdG, a marker of oxidative stress, NADPH oxidase activity, and gene expression of components of NADPH oxidase except for p67phox were increased in the kidneys of septic mice in association of elevation of urinary 8-OHdG and KIM-1, one of the markers of proximal tubular damage and acute kidney injury [41], renal dysfunction as evaluated by BUN and creatinine levels, metabolic acidosis, and renal tubular degeneration, all of which were inhibited by RAGE-aptamer. Here, HAVCR1 is linked to acute kidney injury.