The role of the nervous system, genetics, hormones involved in metabolic homeostasis (such as insulin, glucagon, GLP-1 and GIP), glucolipotoxicity diets and feeding behaviours, sedentary lifestyles, altered islet architecture, the immune system, altered islet-cell behaviour, UCP2, altered extrapancreatic behaviour and risk factors (such as psychological stress) have in T2D aetiology and pathogenesis remains to be mechanistically understood. The gene discussed is GLP1R; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.