This study clearly shows that the activity of the neuronal glucose-sensing cells and islet alpha- and beta-cells function synergistically to promote appropriate plasma insulin and glucagon levels – this synergism is known to be dysfunctional in T2D.163, Figure 5 summarises the differential neural regulation of the pancreas between healthy and type 2 diabetic individuals. This evidence concerns the gene GCG and type 2 diabetes mellitus.