Since ZAP70 kinase is crucial for T-cell functions, but can be compensated by Syk in innate immunity61, specific inhibitors of ZAP70 kinase (but not targeting Syk) should not cause perturbation of innate immunity and hence can have selectivity in targeting T-cell related diseases, e.g., controlling allograft rejection and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis24. The gene discussed is SYK; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.