EGFR and lung carcinoma: For instance, a mutation in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) affects the therapeutic response to, and outcome of, tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer, and presence of this mutation varies from 9·1% in the Dutch population to 51·4% in east Asia.52, 53 As another example, the *2 allele of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2*2), which is associated with decreased metabolism of alcohol, higher alcohol toxicity, and possible carcinogenicity, is more prevalent in east Asian populations than in other populations.54