The group of HCC patients (Cluster 1 in Supplementary Figure 1C, n = 185) who had low expression scores of distinct immune cells, low expression of major histocompatibility complex class I/II (MHC-I/II), low expression of the genes involved in the IFN response, inflammation and cytolytic activity were assigned as HCC patients with low immune activity. Here, IFNA1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.