DMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: A number of studies have investigated the role of MSCs in DMD mouse models, either by intramuscular or systemic administration, showing modest engraftment but no significant improvement of muscle contractile force nor of dystrophin expression (De Bari et al., 2003; Chan et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2007; Feng et al., 2008; Shabbir et al., 2008; Gang et al., 2009).