REN and hypertensive disorder: Although distal nephron-targeting diuretics, the blockers of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, calcium channel blockers, adrenergic β receptor antagonists, and renal nerve radiofrequency ablation are widely used to treat hypertension and prevent target organ damage, some hypertensive patients continue to develop cardiovascular, stroke, and renal injury (Jorde et al., 2000; Calhoun et al., 2008, 2019; Lloyd-Jones et al., 2010; Sarafidis et al., 2013).