MAPK3 and diabetes mellitus: For example, diabetes enhances phosphorylation of EGFR1 and ErbB2, formation of EGFR/ErbB2 heterodimers and subsequent elevation in ERK1/2 and ROCK signaling leading to dysfunction in the mesenteric vasculature of T1DM rats (Akhtar et al., 2013; Benter et al., 2015).