CGA and heart failure: High CgA plasma levels are associated with an increased risk of mortality after MI or ACS, as well as heart failure due to the increased release of endothelin-1 from ECs (D’amico et al., 2014), as endothelin-1 has been implicated in CVD and vascular dysfunction via the promotion of inflammation and atherosclerosis (Böhm and Pernow, 2007).