Shortly afterward, the Sadelain group also showed the benefit of integrating CD28 signaling domain into the CD3ζ receptor to provide full T cell activation.51,71 This dual-signaling CAR was capable of redirecting patient's blood T cells toward autologous cancer cells as shown by our group using carcinoembryonic antigen-specific CAR T cells redirected against autologous colon cancer cells isolated from a biopsy72; other examples for leukemia and solid cancer followed from other groups.73,74. Here, CD28 is linked to cancer.