In addition, the accumulation of ROS can trigger cancer cell DNA damage, and ROS-induced DNA damage causes the activation of DNA damage sensors and regulators such as ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR), thus activating P53 and subsequently leading to cancer cell apoptosis 127, 128. Here, TP53 is linked to cancer.