In high-grade serous ovarian cancer, Elafin overexpressed and was secreted by advanced ovarian cancer, leading a proliferative impact by phosphorylation of c-Jun (S63), ATF2 (S90), ribosomal protein S6 kinase (RSK1) and ERK1/2 through the MEK-ERK pathways 46. Here, MAPK3 is linked to ovarian carcinoma.