CCL3 and COVID-19: In male COVID-19 patients, IFN-γ (p = 0.0301), IL-1RA (p = 0.0160), IL-6 (p = 0.0145), MCP-1 (p = 0.0052) and MIP-1α (p = 0.0134) levels were elevated in those with higher SOFA scores (8-11) compared to those with lower SOFA scores (2-3) (Figure 3(a–e)).