TNF and neoplasm: On the one hand, β-glucan can switch monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs) to antigen presenting cells, resulting in the activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (interferon (IFN)-, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, and perforins), and further damaging tumor cells 26.