TNF and Epstein-Barr virus infection: Therefore, it can be concluded that an elevated expression level of RNS, ROS, TGF-β, VEGF, TNF-α, IL-17 and IL-8 probably more due to the presence of HPV infection than to EBV infection and also an elevated expression level of IL-11, IL-6, IL-1 and NF-κB factors may be due to the simultaneous presence of HPV and EBV infections.