To determine if stimulated HBCs, similar to stimulated non-placental macrophages, could confine L. monocytogenes in the phagosome better than their non-stimulated counterparts, we measured the percentage of intracellular L. monocytogenes present in the endolysosomal compartments (LAMP-1+) 2 h post-infection by fluorescence microscopy (Fig. 3A). Here, LAMP1 is linked to infection.